https://hdl.handle.net/10646/181 2026-04-16T18:44:09Z 2026-04-16T18:44:09Z Magwenzi, Greater, C. https://hdl.handle.net/10646/3972 2023-05-27T01:08:29Z 2013-05-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Global insecurity? A critical analysis of the utility and significance of the North Korea Nuclear program in the twenty first century Authors: Magwenzi, Greater, C. Abstract: Chapter 1 sets the stage for the investigation of the global insecurity problem brought about by the development of nuclear weapons. Nuclear weapons represent the ultimate defense of the nation, a deterrent against any and all potential adversaries. The chapter though it is just an introduction to the study, it however attempted to proffer the research proposal whose hypothesis credits nuclear weapons as being a necessary tool for deterrence despite their unprecedented destructiveness as exemplified by North Korea. Chapter 2 traces back to the origins of the separation of South and North Korea which stems from the 1945 Allied victory in World War 11. After World War 11 the United States and its allies competed with the USSR and its allies for political and economic dominance around the world known as the Cold War. The Cold War influence also extended to Korea with the United States occupying the South and USSR the North. The chapter therefore attempted to investigate the debate on the Cold War rivalry particularly the tensions between North and South Korea and how the superpowers are involved in the conflict. Chapter 3 dealt with the origins and objectives of the Nuclear Proliferation Treaty which was opened for signature in July 1968 and signed on that date by the United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and 59 other countries. The chapter investigated the successes and challenges faced by the non proliferation regime and the impact of the Non Proliferation Treaty in the 21st Century. Chapter 4 scrutinized the external environment or rather the reaction of the international community towards North Korea‘s nuclear weapon development program. North Korea‘s nuclear program has been a source of great concern for the international community. There have been multiple rounds of international negotiations, sanctions and diplomatic efforts from different nations all in a bid to resolve the North Korean situation as elaborated in the rest of the chapter. Chapter 5 concluded the study. It summarized the discussions made in Chapters 1 to 4. Since it is now a known fact that North Korea is developing nuclear weapons openly and this has however dealt a fatal blow to the Nuclear Proliferation Treaty and for some scholars they argue that this has brought an end to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation regime because most states like Iran are following North Korea‘s example. Most states in the 21st Century are now embracing nuclear iv weapons for their own security. For years the United States and the international community have however tried to negotiate an end to North Korea‘s nuclear and missile developments and its export of ballistic missile technology. Those efforts have been replete with periods of crisis, stalemate and tentative progress towards denuclearization. Nuclear weapons, for all their horror brought to an end 50 years of worldwide wars. Even after the end of the Cold War nuclear weapons are still a necessary tool for deterrence as exemplified by North Korea in the study.

2013-05-01T00:00:00Z Musevenzi, Julius https://hdl.handle.net/10646/3865 2026-01-06T01:02:24Z 2016-12-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Externally fostered processing and marketing of non-timber forest products (NTFPs), contribution to household income, the analysis of opportunities and challenges in the value chain Authors: Musevenzi, Julius Abstract: This article reflects on the contribution of externally fostered processing and marketing of selected non-timber forest products (NTFPs) in marginal districts of Zimbabwe and assesses the opportunities and challenges encountered by rural people as they become part of the production and marketing chain of the these products. The contribution of the NTFPs processing and marketing to rural household income and food security is assessed vis-à-vis the poor who are largely collectors of raw materials. The study findings show that rural people as collectors and producers of the products such as baobab, marula nuts, mopane worms and masau and honey are part of the lower levels of the value chain and do not control the process since the role of NGOs in the value chain remains central. Community producers do not understand the NTFP marketing system and heavily rely on intermediaries and NGOs who are knowledgeable and have information and connections with the NTFPs markets. Thus, they remain delinked to the end user or consumer of the products they produce, despite generating income from the marketing of the products. The study conducted in Muzarabani, Gokwe and Mwenezi districts shows that without the intermediaries and supporting NGOs, the processing and marketing of NTFPs is not likely to continue as it remains a new livelihood activity externally fostered. However, despite the delink between producers and the markets, there is evidence of positive contribution to household income although sustainability questions remain unanswered. The markets exist but are beyond the reach of the producers, without the intermediaries, the markets do not exist. At the policy level, community producers should be capacity-built beyond production to be active high level market participants in the value chain.

2016-12-01T00:00:00Z Chirisa, Innocent Chigwenya, A https://hdl.handle.net/10646/588 2026-01-06T01:01:04Z 2007-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: STRUCTURES WITHOUT PROCESSES: AN ANALYSIS OF THE INSTITUTIONAL DEFICIENCIES IN COMMUNITY BASED FOREST RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN SEKE RESETTLEMENT SCHEME Authors: Chirisa, Innocent; Chigwenya, A Abstract: Community based natural resource management programmes had been adopted by many countries as a management approach that can bring better results in the sustainable resource management. This management regime represents a shift from centralised approaches which were previously employed. Zimbabwe is among the pioneers of this programme in the sub-Saharan Africa region. A lot has been done in an attempt to bring resource governance to the people. One of the projects that had registered remarkable success is the Communal Areas Management Programme for Indigenous Resources (CAMPFIRE). Many Rural District Councils are engaged in these projects; and nearly every council is running a CAMPFIRE project. However the same cannot be said of other conservation projects in rural and resettlement areas in the country. There is little success registered especially in the conservation of forest resources. Structures for community based natural resource management (CBNRM) are in place but there are defunct, which explains the uninvited resource degradation in rural areas. This paper seeks to delineate the factors underlying the structures' failure in delivery of effective democratisation of resource governance.

2007-01-01T00:00:00Z Chirisa, Innocent https://hdl.handle.net/10646/587 2025-11-15T02:38:31Z 2008-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: A population growth and rapid urbanization in Africa: Implications for sustainability Authors: Chirisa, Innocent Abstract: The realties of rapid urbanization and population growth in Africa are objectively patent with the realities of diversity of challenges, constraints and threats to service delivery in urban centres. Urban centres are attraction centres for rural population and, through multiplier effects, population sizes continue to grow concomitant with the demand for the services (hospitals, schools, industrial and commercial zones, security, etc.). This paper will explore the historical and contemporary challenges of population growth by way of looking at case studies of Nigeria (Lagos), South Africa (Johannesburg), Zimbabwe (Harare), Ethiopia (Addis Ababa), Kenya (Nairobi), Egypt (Cairo) and Rwanda (Kigali). These countries give a diversity of experiences when put together given the differences in institutions and cultures, historical backgrounds, political economy and other structural proclivities. Such an analysis helps in the formulation of the ‘appropriate’ nomenclature and taxonomy of the subject of urbanisation (and ruralisation, as it were). Socially, most urban centres in Africa have gone through metamorphoses and transitions from white domination to black majority rule. The advent of political independence has opened the gates for the former ruralites resulting in novel challenges which had hitherto been unforeseen (particularly, the increased demand for housing, which, in its own right is indivisible with other socio-economic facets of urban centres). Economically, this transition has heralded calls for black economic empowerment or indigenisation programmes which have beckoned for more urban space being allocated for enterprise. Space allocation for any land-use calls for installation of the supporting infrastructure (roads, water utilities, electricity, buildings and/or shelter, etc). The paper maps out the nesting effect of these challenges in a bid to overcome them so as to produce viable urban economies for the 21st Century Africa, in which amenity, harmony and sustainability are the chief objects. Urban development policy is recommended is the prime solution to attaining the three mentioned objects. This is founded on the notions of balancing between and within settlements (rural and urban) in an economy, urban modelling and stewardship.

2008-01-01T00:00:00Z