An analysis of the global implications of the Arab uprisings on the politics of democracy and security: A case study of Syria (2010-2017).

Abstract

The study analyses the global implications of the Arab uprisings on the politics of democracy and security. The key objectives being the assessment of the impact of the Syrian crisis on global security and an evaluation of the appropriateness of democracy as a governance model on the Middle East and North Africa. Other objectives addressed by this study include an exploration of the causes of the uprising and challenges faced states in transitioning to democracy. It also provides an evaluation of the complexities of promotion of democracy and foreign intervention in the region. In exploration of the above objectives, the study qualitatively made use of documentary research that was underpinned by in-depth interviews, with neo-realism and chaos theories being some of the underlying theories made use of in a phenomenon that included a complex interaction of concepts and theories. The research revealed that the crisis in Syria has exacerbated global security challenges by allowing militant groups like ISIS to develop and mutate into powerful non-state actors through their ability to internationalise terror thus affecting collective security. The study also showed that foreign intervention in Syria is part of power-seeking acts by states interested in furthering their geo-political interests. This position has therefore complicated the prospect of speedy resolution of the crisis in Syria, relegating the role of the UNSC to the individual interests of powerful states. Further to that, the crisis has led to the displacement of millions of Syrians creating a refugee crisis that has had an impact on global security. On democracy, the study discovered that the region has primordial governance models premised in political Islam which makes it harder for democracy to be proposed as the universal answer to security and stability. Lastly, the wave of uprisings coupled with globalisation and the ubiquitous use of technology has had a psychological influence on global protests leading to the heightening of states’ dilemma to balance citizens’ security and right to limitless freedoms. To limit further gains by ISIS and restrict its operating capacity in Syria, it is recommended that the major powers under the auspices of the UNSC must use their overwhelming military assets to drive ISIS out whilst pursing peace and a coalition government that is politically and economically supported by developmental partners to create a sustainable economy that allows societal reintegration. Whilst the UNSC needs to be revamped to become representative of the new emerging global powers like South Africa and Brazil, it is also important for states to pursue their geo-political interests with the recognition of worsening security challenges if collective security is not made the primary motivation of international relations.